Chapter 3
Literature of Romanticism

I．Fill in the blanks.

1．In the early 19th century, Washington Irving wrote The _____ Book which became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.

2．In 1828, Noah _____ published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.

3．In 1755, Samuel _____ published his remarkable dictionary named Dictionary of the English Language.

4．The Civil War of 1861-1865 ended in the defeat of the Southerners and the abolition of _____.

5．The American Transcendentalists formed a club called the _____ Club.

6．The Transcendental Club often met at Ralph Waldo _____'s Concord home.

7．Washington _____ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American Romanticism.

8．At 19 _____ Irving published in his brother's newspaper, his "Jonathan Oldstyle" satires of New York life.

9．In Washington Irving's work The Sketch _____ appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.

10．In Paris, Washington Irving met John Howard Payne, the American dramatist and actor, with whom Washington Irving wrote his brilliant social comedy _____ the Second, or The Merry Monarch.

11．The short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is taken from Washington Irving's work named The Sketch.

12．Washington _____ was the first American to achieve an international literary reputation after the Revolutionary War.

13．Washington Irving's first book appeared in 1809. It was entitled The History of _____.

14．Washington Irving also wrote two biographies, one is The Life of Oliver Goldsmith, and the other is The Life of _____.

15．The first important American novelist was James Fenimore _____.

16．James Fenimore Cooper's novel The _____ was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.

17．The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was The _____. The hero of the novel represents John Paul Jones, the great naval fighter of the Revolutionary War.

18．The central figure in the Leatherstocking Tales is Natty _____, who goes by the various names of Leatherstocking, Deerslayer, Pathfinder and Hawkeye.

19．"To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of William Cullen _____'s works. It has been called by an eminent English critic "the most perfect brief poem in the Language".

20．William Cullen _____ was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the world literature.

21．Among William Cullen Bryant's most important later works are his translations of the Iliad and the _____ into English blank verse.

22．Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The _____" is perhaps the best example of onomatopoeia in the English language.

23．Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The _____" was published in 1845 as the title poem of a collection.

24．Ralph _____ Emerson was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England.

25．Ralph Waldo Emerson's truest disciple, the man who put into practice many of Ralph Waldo Emerson's theories, was Henry _____ Thoreau.

26．In 1845, Henry David Thoreau began a two-year residence at _____ Pond.

27．A superb book _____ came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.

28．From Henry David Thoreau's Concord jail experience came his famous essay Civil _____.

29．Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The _____ Letter.

30．Herman Melville's novel _____ Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.

31．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's first collection of poems entitled _____ of the Night appeared in 1838.

32．The most scholarly of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's writings is his translation of Dante Alighieri's Divine _____.

33．Besides lyrics and longer poems Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote dramatic works, among which Michael _____ is the most conspicuous.

34．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and James Russell _____ are the only two American poets commemorated in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey.

35．After his death, Henry Wadsworth _____ became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey.

36．The American Romantic period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outburst of the _____ War.

37．The English author named Sir Walter _____ was, in a way, responsible for the romantic description of landscape in American literature and the development of American Indian romance. His Waverley novels were models for American historical romances.

38．Published in 1823, The _____ was the first of the Leatherstocking Tales, in their order of publication time, and probably the first true romance of the frontier in American literature.

39．In The Pioneers, _____ Bumppo represents the ideal American, living a virtuous and free life in God's world.

40．In 1836, a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. It was entitled Nature by Ralph Waldo _____.

41．Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay The American _____ has been regarded as "America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence". It called on American writers to write about America in a way peculiarly American.

42．Another renowned New England Transcendentalist was Henry David _____, a friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson and his junior by some fourteen years.

43．The way in which Nathaniel _____ wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism.

44．Herman Melville's world classic novel Moby Dick was dedicated to Nathaniel _____, a novelist.

45．It is said that in his late years, Herman Melville stopped writing novels and stories and turned to poetry, "_____" is his most famous poetic work.

46．Herman Melville is best known as the author of one book named _____, which is, critics have agreed, one of the world's greatest masterpieces.

47．In the 19th century American literature, writers of _____ terror novels sought to arouse in their readers a turbulent sense of the remote, the supernatural, and the terrifying by describing castles and landscapes illuminated by moonlight and haunted by specters.

48．James Fenimore Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the _____ Tales.

49．The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called _____, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.

50．In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass, Walt _____ gave America its first genuine epic poem.

51．There is no doubt that the solitary Emily _____ of Amherst, Massachusetts, is a poet of great power and beauty.

II．Choose the best answer for each blank.

1．In 1837, the first college-level institution for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, opened in _____ to serve the "muslin sex".

A．New England

B．Virginia

C．Massachusetts

D．New York

2．Transcendentalists took their ideas from _____.

A．the romantic literature in Europe

B．neo-Platonism

C．German idealistic philosophy

D．the revelations of oriental mysticism

E．all of the above

3．As a philosophical and literary movement, _____ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.

A．modernism

B．rationalism

C．sentimentalism

D．transcendentalism

4．Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in _____ and Henry David Thoreau.

A．Thomas Jefferson

B．Ralph Waldo Emerson

C．Philip Freneau

D．Thomas Paine

5．The Schoolroom Poets were a group of 19th-century American poets from _____.

A．New England

B．Virginia

C．Massachusetts

D．New York

6．The Schoolroom Poets are typically thought to include _____.

A．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

B．James Russell Lowell

C．Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.

D．John Greenleaf Whittier

E．all of the above

7．_____ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.

A．Henry David Thoreau

B．Ralph Waldo Emerson

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Walt Whitman

8．Transcendentalists recognized _____ as the "highest power of the soul".

A．intuition

B．logic

C．data of the senses

D．thinking

9．Led by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson and _____, there arose a kind of teachings of transcendentalism in the early 19th century.

A．Herman Melville

B．Henry David Thoreau

C．Mark Twain

D．Theodore Dreiser

10．Transcendentalism appealed to those who disdained the harsh God of the Puritan ancestors, and it appealed to those who scorned the pale deity of New England _____.

A．Transcendentalism

B．Humanism

C．Naturalism

D．Unitarianism

11．In the early 19th century America, statesmen such as _____, came to dominate American politics not with their prose but with the emotional force of their oratory.

A．Daniel Webster

B．Daniel Defoe

C．Philip Freneau

D．Thomas Paine

12．A new _____ had appeared in England in the last years of the 18th century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the 19th century.

A．realism

B．critical realism

C．romanticism

D．naturalism

13．The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature, evident in the following except _____.

A．James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales

B．Henry David Thoreau's Walden

C．Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

D．Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter

14．A preoccupation with the demonic and the mystery of evil marked the works of the following writers except _____.

A．Nathaniel Hawthorne

B．Edgar Allan Poe

C．Herman Melville

D．Mark Twain

15．An American Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1828 by _____.

A．Samuel Johnson

B．Noah Webster

C．Daniel Webster

D．Daniel Defoe

16．In the 19th-century America, Romantics often shared such general characteristics include _____.

A．moral enthusiasm

B．faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception

C．adoration for the natural world

D．presumption about the corrosive effect of human society

E．all of the above

17．Washington Irving's works include the following except _____.

A．The Sketch Book

B．Tom Jones

C．Tales of a Traveller

D．A History of New York

18．In James Fenimore Cooper's novels, close after Natty Bumppo in romantic appeal, come the two noble red men, _____.

A．the Mohican Chief Chingachgook and Uncas

B．Uncas and Tom Jones

C．Tom Jones and Kubla Khan

D．Kubla Khan and Edward Joseph

19．In 1817, the stately poem called "Thanatopsis" introduced the best poet _____ to appear in America up to that time.

A．Edward Taylor

B．Philip Freneau

C．William Cullen Bryant

D．Edgar Allan Poe

20．"_____" was written by William Cullen Bryant.

A．To a Caty-Did

B．To a Waterfowl

C．To the Cuckoo

D．The Wild Honey Suckle

21．Edgar Allan Poe wrote the following poems except "_____".

A．To Helen

B．The Raven

C．Annabel Lee

D．The Wild Honey Suckle

22．In his post on the Messenger, Edgar Allan Poe showed his true talents as _____.

A．an editor

B．a poet.

C．a literary critic

D．a fiction writer

E．all of the above

23．Edgar Allan Poe's first collection of short stories is _____.

A．Tales of a Traveller

B．Leatherstocking Tales

C.Canterbury Tales

D．Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque

24．The characteristics of Ralph Waldo Emerson's poetry include _____.

A．being highly individual

B．harsh rhythms

C．lack of form and polish

D．striking images

E．all of the above

25．_____ is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

A．Representative Men

B．English Traits

C．Nature

D．The Rhodora

26．Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote the following essays except _____.

A．Of studies

B．Self-Reliance

C．The American Scholar

D．The Divinity School Address

27．From Henry David Thoreau's jail experience came his famous essay, _____, which states Henry David Thoreau's belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.

A．Walden

B．Nature

C．Civil Disobedience

D．Common Sense

28．The finest example of Nathaniel Hawthorne's symbolism is the recreation of Puritan Boston in _____.

A．The Scarlet Letter

B．Young Goodman Brown

C．The Marble Faun

D．The Ambitious Guest

29．The House of Seven Gables is a famous mystery-haunted novel written by _____.

A．Nathaniel Hawthorne

B．Washington Irving

C．Mark Twain

D．Herman Melville

30．Nathaniel Hawthorne's ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions also appears strongly in his short stories. He wrote the following short stories except _____.

A．Young Goodman Brown

B．The Great Stone Face

C．The Ambitious Guest

D．The Pearl

E．Ethan Brand

31．Which is not Nathaniel Hawthorne's long novel?

A．The Scarlet Letter

B．The Marble Faun

C．The Blithedale Romance

D．The House of Seven Gables

E．Dr. Heidegger's Experiment

32．Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne _____ in American literature.

A．the largest brain with the largest heart

B．father of American poetry

C．the transcendentalist

D．the American scholar

33．The following characters appear in the novel The Scarlet Letter except _____.

A．Hester Prynne

B．Arthur Dimmesdale

C．Roger Chillingworth

D．Uncas

34．_____ was a romanticized account of Herman Melville's stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Herman Melville become known as the "man who lived among cannibals".

A．Moby Dick

B．Typee

C．Omoo

D．Billy Budd

35．With the appearance of _____ in 1855, which is about American Indians, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poetical reputation was established.

A．Evangeline

B．The Courtship of Miles Standish

C．Song of Hiawatha

D．Michael Angelo

36．The following writers belong to the romantic group in American literature except _____.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．Henry David Thoreau

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Herman Melville

E．Walt Whitman

F．William Blake

37．In the early 19th century American moral values were essentially Puritan. Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did _____.

A．Puritanism

B．Romanticism

C．Rationalism

D．Sentimentalism

38．American romanticist writers, like Washington Irving and especially the group of New England poets such as William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, John Greenleaf Whittier and _____, tried to model their works upon English and European masters.

A．James Russell Lowell

B．Robert Lowell

C．Amy Lowell

D．Thomas Lowell

39．Washington Irving was best known for his famous short stories such as _____ and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

A．Rip Van Winkle

B．Evangeline

C．Life of Goldsmith

D．Life of Washington

40．"The universe is composed of Nature and the soul... Spirit is present everywhere." This is the voice of the book Nature written by Ralph Waldo Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England _____.

A．Romanticism

B．Transcendentalism

C．Naturalism

D．Symbolism

41．There is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually _____ on the Puritan soil.

A．Romanticism

B．Puritanism

C．mysticism

D．Unitarianism

42．New England Transcendentalism was important to American literature. It inspired a whole new generation of famous writers such as _____, and Emily Dickinson.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．Henry David Thoreau

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Herman Melville

E．Walt Whitman

F．all of the above

43．_____ is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism.

A．Nature

B．Walden

C．On Beauty

D．Self-Reliance

44．_____ is regarded as the "Declaration of Intellectual Independence".

A．The American Scholar

B．English Traits

C．The Conduct of Life

D．Representative Men

45．_____ is an appalling fictional version of Nathaniel Hawthorne's belief that "the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones" and that evil will come out of evil though it may take many generations to happen.

A．The Marble Faun

B．The House of Seven Gables

C．The Blithedale Romance

D．Young Goodman Brown

46．Nathaniel Hawthorne's intellectual characters are usually villains, dreadful and devoid of fellow feeling. The following are specimens of Nathaniel Hawthorne's chilling, cold blooded human animals except _____.

A．Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter

B．Hollingsworth in The Blithedale Romance

C．Dr. Rappaccini in Rappaccini's Daughter

D．Pearl in The Scarlet Letter

47．The following drew from Herman Melville's adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands except _____.

A．Typee

B．Omoo

C．Mardi

D．Redburn

48．Herman Melville's _____ is an encyclopedia of everything, history, philosophy, religion, etc., in addition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry.

A．The Old Man and the Sea

B．Moby Dick

C．White Jacket

D．Billy Budd

49．By the 1830s _____ was judged the nation's greatest writer, a lofty position he later shared with James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant.

A．Walt Whitman

B．Washington Irving

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Herman Melville

50．The foundation of American national literature was laid by the early American _____.

A．sentimentalists

B．colonists

C．realists

D．romanticists

51．The early American _____ gave emphasis to emotion and nature; some of them sang of liberty and national independence and wrote in defense of Negro slaves and Indians.

A．sentimentalists

B．colonists

C．realists

D．romanticists

52．_____ published in 1828 a dictionary named An American Dictionary of English language.

A．Samuel Johnson

B．Noah Webster

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Herman Melville

53．_____ writers in the 19th century placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.

A．Romantic

B．Realistic

C．Sentimental

D．Naturalistic

54．_____ was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.

A．Walt Whitman

B．Washington Irving

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Herman Melville

55．_____ was the only American writer of his generation who could chide the British in an atmosphere of good humor.

A．Walt Whitman

B．Washington Irving

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．James Fenimore Cooper

56．_____ launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga.

A．Walt Whitman

B．Washington Irving

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．James Fenimore Cooper

57．With a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, _____ made the American conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of America.

A．Walt Whitman

B．Washington Irving

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．James Fenimore Cooper

58．Apart from his fame as a poet, _____ merits a reputation as one of the great editors of American journalism.

A．Walt Whitman

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Edgar Allan Poe

59．No other American poet ever surpassed _____'s ability in the use of English as a medium of pure musical and rhythmic beauty.

A．Walt Whitman

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Edgar Allan Poe

60．The sound of _____'s words casts a magic spell over the readers. His tone is awesome, sad and melancholy.

A．Walt Whitman

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Edgar Allan Poe

D．Nathaniel Hawthorne

61．"The Fall of the House of Usher" is one of _____'s short stories.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Edgar Allan Poe

62．_____ was recognized as the leader of Transcendentalist Movement, and he never applied the term "Transcendentalist" to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Edgar Allan Poe

63．In 1836, _____ published his first book, Nature, which met with a mild reception.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Edgar Allan Poe

64．The harsh rhythms and striking images of _____'s poetry appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Edgar Allan Poe

65．_____'s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man's moral nature.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Edgar Allan Poe

66．Like Edgar Allan Poe, _____ often used grotesque or fantastic events, but his work is broader in range and has more depth of thought.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

67．To _____ and Herman Melville, the telling of a tale was a way of inquiring into the meaning of life.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

68．_____'s writings belong to the milder aspects of the Romantic Movement.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

69．_____'s "The Courtship of Miles Standish", published in 1858, is a popular poem, remarkable for its humor and vivid depiction of American scenery.

A．James Fenimore Cooper

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

70．_____'s claim to greatness in American literature lies in the fact that he created a myth about the formative period of the American nation.

A．James Fenimore Cooper

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

71．_____'s aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature in general and in American poetry in particular.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Henry David Thoreau

72．_____ was an active Transcendentalist. He was by no means an "escapist" or a recluse, but was intensely involved in the life of his day.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Henry David Thoreau

73．All his literary life, _____ seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Henry David Thoreau

74．Although _____ is ambiguous and his tales are often capable of more than one interpretation, he is certainly at his best when writing about evil.

A．Ralph Waldo Emerson

B．William Cullen Bryant

C．Nathaniel Hawthorne

D．Henry David Thoreau

75．_____ is set in the 17th century. It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.

A．Moby Dick

B．The Scarlet Letter

C．Nature

D．Walden

76．American literature produced only one female poet during the 19th century. This was _____.

A．Anne Bradstreet

B．Jane Austen

C．Emily Dickinson

D．Harriet Beecher Stowe

III．Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.

（1）

Column A

（　　）1．William Cullen Bryant

（　　）2．Edgar Allan Poe

（　　）3．Ralph Waldo Emerson

（　　）4．Nathaniel Hawthorne

（　　）5．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

（　　）6．Washington Irving

（　　）7．Walt Whitman

（　　）8．Herman Melville

（　　）9．Henry David Thoreau

（　　）10．James Fennimore Cooper

Column B

a．The American Scholar

b．The Song of Hiawatha

c．Billy Budd

d．The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

e．Thanatopsis

f．The Last of Mohicans

g．Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque

h．Twice-told Tales

i．Walden, or Life in the Woods

j．When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd

（2）

Column A

（　　）1．William Cullen Bryant

（　　）2．Edgar Allan Poe

（　　）3．Ralph Waldo Emerson

（　　）4．Nathaniel Hawthorne

（　　）5．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

（　　）6．Washington Irving

（　　）7．Walt Whitman

（　　）8．Herman Melville

（　　）9．Henry David Thoreau

（　　）10．James Fennimore Cooper

Column B

a．I Hear America Singing

b．Moby Dick

c．A Psalm of Life

d．Civil Disobedience

e．Young Goodman Brown

f．Self-reliance

g．The Raven and Other Poems

h．The Flood of Years

i．Leatherstocking Tales

j．The Sketch Book

IV．Answer the following questions.

1．Give a summary and an analysis of "Rip Van Winkle".

2．Give an analysis of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow".

3．Explain Ralph Waldo Emerson's theory of Transcendentalism with the analysis of Nature.

4．Give an analysis of William Cullen Bryant's "Thanatopsis".

5．Give an analysis of Edgar Allan Poe's poem "To Helen".

6．Give an analysis of Edgar Allan Poe's poem "Annabel Lee".

7．Give an analysis of Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.

8．Give an analysis of Herman Melville's Moby Dick.

9．Give an analysis of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "My Lost Youth".

10．Give an analysis of Emily Dickinson's "Because I Could Not Stop for Death".

11．Give an analysis of Emily Dickinson's "The Soul Selects Her Own Society".

12．What's Washington Irving's main contribution to American Literature?

13．Is there symbolism in the book Moby Dick?

14．Make a brief comment on Hester Prynne.

15．What is Nathaniel Hawthorne's writing style?

16．Why do you think Ralph Waldo Emerson called his first philosophical work Nature rather than anything else?

17．From the perspective of American Romanticism, how do you understand the "newness" of American as a nation?

18．What are James Fenimore Cooper's contributions to American literature?

19．Give an analysis of Walt Whitman's "Song of Myself".

20．Make a comment on Emily Dickinson and her poetry.